What constitutes a secondary method of providing service on notice of a hearing?

A secondary method of providing service on notice of a hearing, such as publications, serves as an important way to reach individuals who may not have received direct communication. Publications are typically used to inform the public via newspapers or official legal channels and can serve to ensure compliance with legal requirements for notifying affected parties, especially in cases where direct methods may not be feasible. This is particularly vital in situations where individuals may be difficult to locate, or the notice needs to be given to a broader audience.

The other methods listed, while potentially effective in certain contexts, are considered primary or direct methods of notice. Email, mailing notices, and telephone calls typically aim to establish personal contact or direct communication with the individuals concerned, rather than fulfilling the broader public notification standards that publications provide.